Climate Matching Map
| Attachment | Size |
|---|---|
| climatematch-pentaglottis_sempervirens-oregon-20251101.pdf (1.08 MB) | 1.08 MB |
1. Question 1
Yes
1
Very High
Pentaglottis sempervirensis is native to SW Europe from central Portugal to SW France and has been introduced and naturalized in the NW United States, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Ireland (Anderson & Zehnder, n.d.; Pentaglottis Tausch | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, n.d.; Sell & Murrell, 2009).
Sell, Peter, and Gina Murrell. 2009. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3, Mimosaceae - Lentibulariaceae. Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM: Cambridge University Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/psu/detail.action?docID=433040.
Anderson, Susan, and Joseph Zehnder. 2016. “Bureau of Planning and Sustainability”, 202.
Online, World Flora. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens (L.) Tausch Ex L.H.Bailey ”. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60457907-2.
2. Question 2
Yes
2
Very High
When comparing the occurrences in the georeferencing map to the similar climate map of Oregon, this species is noted as being naturalized in a similar climate to Oregon. This species has naturalized in Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, Czechia, Ireland, Germany, Norway, and the US. Pentaglottis sempervirens have become naturalized in the northwest from southern Oregon up into British Columbia and recorded the Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria map (CPNWH, 2021).
Secretariat, GBIF. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens - (L.)Tausch”. https://www.gbif.org/species/2926130.
Herbaria, Consortium of Pacific Northwest. 2021. “CPNWH Search Result”. https://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/collectionsmap.php.
3. Question 3
No
0
Low
Pentaglottis sempervirens is currently on the monitor list in Oregon and Washington; however, many sittings have been reported, and it is known for being invasive (Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), 2021). This species has naturalized in Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Ireland. This species has a deep taproot and has the potential for environmental effects such as nutrient movement from shallow-rooted plants; however, no economic or environmental damage has been noted (Sell and Murrell 2009).
Sell, Peter, and Gina Murrell. 2009. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3, Mimosaceae - Lentibulariaceae. Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM: Cambridge University Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/psu/detail.action?docID=433040.
4. Question 4
No
0
Low
Species Pentaglottis sempervirens have been naturalized in many locations with similar climates; however, no economic or environmental damage has been noted (Randall 2017).
Randall, R. P. 2017. “A Global Compendium of Weeds. Third Edition”. Dept. of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313645439_A_Global_Compendium_….
5. Question 5
No
0
Low
Three species within the same family (Anchusa officinalis L., Cynoglossum officinale L., and Echium plantagineum L.) are considered invasive and are noted on the Oregon and Washington noxious weed list (“Oregon Noxious Weeds,” 2018; “PlantRight,” 2017). However, they are not closely related to the genera of Pentaglottis sempervirens.
“Oregon Noxious Weeds”. 2019. https://www.invasive.org/species/list.cfm?id=56.
“Invasive Plant List - PlantRight”. 2017. https://plantright.org/about-invasive-plants/plant-list/.
6. Question 6
Yes
2
Medium
About 50% of the area where this species grows has a similar climate to Oregon's climate. The native and naturalized areas are similar to Oregon's climate, such as Ireland, Italy, and Western Europe.
“ArcGIS - World Terrestrial Ecosystems”. 2020. https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1.
Secretariat, GBIF. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens - (L.)Tausch”. https://www.gbif.org/species/2926130.
7. Question 7
No
0
Medium
The Pentaglottis sempervirens are mesophytic found in semi-shaded areas under trees, open fields, and roadsides (Selvi and Bigazzi, 2001). No noted evidence has been found of displacement to native plants.
Selvi, Federico, and Massimo Bigazzi. 2001. “Leaf Surface and Anatomy in Boraginaceae Tribe Boragineae With Respect to Ecology and Taxonomy”. Flora 196: 269-85. doi:10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30056-7.
8. Question 8
No
0
Low
This species gets to a height of 3.3 feet and has a deep taproot, and no evidence was found indicating the possibility of promoting fire or changing fire regimes (Pentaglottis Sempervirens | Green Alkanet/RHS Gardening, 2021.).
Society, The Royal Horticultural. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens Green Alkanet”. http://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/12486/Pentaglottis-sempervirens/Details.
9. Question 9
No
0
High
The species Pentaglottis sempervirens is not known to be toxic or poses a health risk to animals or fish (“Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board,” 2015). However, the trichomes found on the stems and leaves of this species cause skin irritations, similar to stinging nettles (Urtica dioica).
2015. “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board”. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/italian-arum.
10. Question 10
No
0
High
This species grows to a height of two to three feet and does not grow in high density great enough to create a deterrent to grazing animals (“Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board,” 2015).
2015. “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board”. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/italian-arum.
11. Question 11
No
0
Low
Pentaglottis s. is known for having a deep taproot that any fragments will resprout if not entirely removed. However, no information was found on reproduction vegetatively only by seeding (“Pentaglottis Tausch | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science,” n.d.; “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board,” 2015).
No references cited.
12. Question 12
No
0
High
This species reproduces four nutlets in each flower (“Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board,” 2015). This species has a deep large tap root, and any fragments left after removal will resprout as the original plant.
2015. “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board”. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/italian-arum.
13. Question 13
Yes
1
Very High
Pentaglottis sempervirens commonly produce viable seeds, four seeds as nutlets per flower (Sell and Murrell 2009; “Oregon Noxious Weeds” 2018; “Pentaglottis Sempervirens (L.) Tausch Ex L.H.Bailey | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science” n.d.; “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board” n.d.)
2015. “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board”. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/italian-arum.
Sell, Peter, and Gina Murrell. 2009. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3, Mimosaceae - Lentibulariaceae. Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM: Cambridge University Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/psu/detail.action?docID=433040.
“Oregon Noxious Weeds”. 2019. https://www.invasive.org/species/list.cfm?id=56.
Online, World Flora. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens (L.) Tausch Ex L.H.Bailey ”. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60457907-2.
14. Question 14
No
0
Very High
This species has four seeds per flower and not enough flowers to produce substantial numbers producing < 1000 seeds a season (“Pentaglottis Tausch | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science,” n.d.; “Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board,” 2015)
No references cited.
15. Question 15
Yes
1
Medium
This species has been noted to invade garden environments by dormant seeds, likely greater than 25% (CPNWH Search Results, 2021).
Herbaria, Consortium of Pacific Northwest. 2021. “CPNWH Search Result”. https://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/collectionsmap.php.
16. Question 16
No
0
Medium
This species is a perennial plant that produces viable seeds each year from spring through summer (Sell & Murrell, 2009) and can grow to maximum height within two years (RHS gardening, 2021). The information found does not specifically state seeding within three years. However, this species likely seeds within three years.
Sell, Peter, and Gina Murrell. 2009. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3, Mimosaceae - Lentibulariaceae. Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM: Cambridge University Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/psu/detail.action?docID=433040.
Society, The Royal Horticultural. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens Green Alkanet”. http://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/12486/Pentaglottis-sempervirens/Details.
17. Question 17
Yes
1
High
This species starts to flower in April and continues through July, producing four nutlet seeds per flower, indicating seeding greater than three months (Fern 2021).
Fern, Ken. 2021. “Pentaglottis Sempervirens - Useful Temperate Plants”. http://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Pentaglottis+sempervirens.
18. Question 18
No
0
Low
Pentaglottis sempervirens seeds appear smooth without any appendages such as barbs, hooks, or flaps that are usually observed on seeds that disperse long-distance by wind, water, or animals (Weigend et al. 2010). The nutlets produced by the Pentaglottis sempervirens are similar to a related species Achusa that seeds dispersed through myrmecochory. However, the distance through myrmecochory is still less than 100 meters (Quilichini and Debussche 2000).
Weigend, Maximilian, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, and Hartmut Hilger. 2010. “Fossil and Extant Western Hemisphere Boragineae, and the Polyphyly of \textquotedblleftTrigonotideae Riedl (Boraginaceae: Boraginoideae)”. Systematic Botany 35: 409-19. doi:10.1600/036364410791638423.
Quilichini, A, and Max Debussche. 2000. “Seed Dispersal and Germination Patternsin a Rare Mediterranean Island Endemic (Anchusa Crispa Viv., Boraginaceae)”. Acta Oecologica 21: 303-13. doi:10.1016/S1146-609X(00)01089-4.
19. Question 19
No
0
Low
The nutlets morphology does not indicate mechanisms for dispersal by wind or water (Weigend et al. 2010).
Weigend, Maximilian, Marc Gottschling, Federico Selvi, and Hartmut Hilger. 2010. “Fossil and Extant Western Hemisphere Boragineae, and the Polyphyly of \textquotedblleftTrigonotideae Riedl (Boraginaceae: Boraginoideae)”. Systematic Botany 35: 409-19. doi:10.1600/036364410791638423.
20. Question 20
No
0
Very Low
No evidence was found to confirm seed dispersal through contamination.
No references cited.
Evaluation Notes
Aded new Climate Match map and link (did not re-check answer to #6) + edited typographical issues in references for new website (J. Burger, 11/1/2025)
Total PRE Score
8
20
63
