Climate Matching Map
| Attachment | Size |
|---|---|
| climatematch-limonium_sinuatum-california-20250124.pdf (1.17 MB) | 1.17 MB |
1. Question 1
Yes
1
Very High
Limonium sinuatum has become naturalized in several regions outside its native range, including California, South Africa, and Australia. In California, it has established is coastal marsh, wetland and disturbed areas in the Bay Area and Southern California.
“NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT, 2004 - ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS”. 2020. South Africa Dept of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries. https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nemba_inva….
“Fact Sheet - Limonium Sinuatum”. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20150622111144/http://keyserver.lucidcentra….
2025. “Limonium Sinuatum Observation Search - Calflora”. Calflora. https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=4842.
“Statice”. 1729. https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/statice/.
2. Question 2
Yes
2
Very High
This species has established in areas with a similar Mediterranean climate such as South Africa and Australia.
“Fact Sheet - Limonium Sinuatum”. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20150622111144/http://keyserver.lucidcentra….
“Statice”. 1729. https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/statice/.
2025. “Limonium Sinuatum Observation Search - Calflora”. Calflora. https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=4842.
3. Question 3
No
0
Medium
This species is a widely cultivated ornamental species and is naturalized in many places throughout the world. It is classified as NEMBA Category 1b in Northern Cape and Western Cape in South Africa, which is their second highest ranking and mandates that property owners control it on their properties. It is also listed by World Wildlife Fund Australia as a potentially invasive garden plant.
“NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT, 2004 - ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS”. 2020. South Africa Dept of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries. https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nemba_inva….
“National List of Naturalised Invasive and Potentially Invasive Garden Plants”. 2006. https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/WWF-National-list-o….
4. Question 4
Yes
3
High
This species is classified as a NEMBA Category 1b in Northern Cape and Western Cape in South Africa in similar Mediterranean climate. While it is not listed as invasive in Australia, World Wildlife Fund notes that it could potentially become invasive in their area.
“NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT, 2004 - ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS”. 2020. South Africa Dept of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries. https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nemba_inva….
“National List of Naturalised Invasive and Potentially Invasive Garden Plants”. 2006. https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/WWF-National-list-o….
5. Question 5
Yes
1
Very High
Two other species of Limonium are listed in the Cal-IPC Inventory, Algerian sea lavender (Limonium ramosissimum) and European sea lavender (Limonium duriusculum). All three species grow in coastal areas of California in similar habitats and can co-occur in the same sites.
“The Cal-IPC Inventory”. 2025. Berkeley, CA: California Invasive Plant Council. https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/inventory/.
6. Question 6
No
0
Medium
This species is naturalized in many places throughout the world, however, it is most abundant in locations with similar Mediterranean climates such as the Mediterranean, Western and Southern Australia, and South Africa.
“NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT, 2004 - ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS”. 2020. South Africa Dept of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries. https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nemba_inva….
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
“Fact Sheet - Limonium Sinuatum”. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20150622111144/http://keyserver.lucidcentra….
7. Question 7
No
0
High
While this species has become naturalized in many areas, it is generally not reported to create monocultures or dominate plant communities where it is established. Several organizations in California, including Nature Collective and US Fish and Wildlife Service are controlling this species to prevent further spread.
Collective, Nature. 2024. “Wavyleaf Sea Lavender (not Native)”. https://naturecollective.org/plant-guide/details/wavyleaf-sea-lavender-….
2025. “Limonium Sinuatum Observation Search - Calflora”. Calflora. https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=4842.
“4-H Team Maps Invasive Sea Lavender Near San Diego, California”. 2015 2025. ESRI. https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/arcwatch/4-h-team-maps-invasive-sea….
8. Question 8
No
0
High
There is no evidence of this species altering or changing fire regimes. The short and relatively sparse stature of the plant likely does not contribute to the fire regime, it's a relatively short plant that does not carry a lot of fuel, and would not add much more fuel than native vegetation in communities it is invasive.
Collective, Nature. 2024. “Wavyleaf Sea Lavender (not Native)”. https://naturecollective.org/plant-guide/details/wavyleaf-sea-lavender-….
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
9. Question 9
No
0
High
This species is a commonly utilized ornamental and has been used as a food source in the Mediterranean region. It is reported to contain several medicinally beneficial compounds. Rare development of allergies to this species has been reported by people who work with the plant occupationally. There are no reports of significant impacts to aquatic ecosystems or grazing systems.
Wiszniewska, Marta, Cezary Pa\lczy\ nski, Patrycja Krawczyk-Szulc, Tomasz Wittczak, Aleksandra Cyran, and Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa. 2011. “Occupational Allergy to Limonium Sinuatum-a Case Report”. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 24: 304-7.
Baysal, Ipek, Melike Ekizoglu, Abdulselam Ertas, Burak Temiz, Hale Gamze Agalar, Samiye Yabanoglu-Ciftci, Hamdi Temel, Gulberk Ucar, and Fatma Pinar Turkmenoglu. 2021. “Identification of Phenolic Compounds by LC-MS MS and Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Two Edible Halophytes: Limonium Effusum and L. Sinuatum”. Molecules 26: 4040.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
10. Question 10
No
0
High
This is an herbaceous species the usually grows to be less than 0.5m tall. Dense populations may impact the movement of small mammals, but would not have a significant impact on humans and most other livestock or wildlife.
“Fact Sheet - Limonium Sinuatum”. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20150622111144/http://keyserver.lucidcentra….
Preston, Robert E., and Elizabeth McClintock. 2012. “Limonium Sinuatum”. Jepson eFlora. https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31025.
“Statice”. 1729. https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/statice/.
11. Question 11
No
0
High
This species only reproduces from seed, and does not reproduce vegetatively.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
12. Question 12
No
0
High
This species does not reproduce from separated fragments
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
13. Question 13
Yes
1
High
This species and cultivar can produce viable seed. It commonly escapes cultivation or from seed in flower arrangements and becomes naturalized.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
14. Question 14
Yes
1
Medium
This plant can produce hundreds to potentially more than 1000 seeds per year under favorable conditions.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
15. Question 15
No
0
High
There are no infrequent environmental conditions that are required for these seeds to germinate. Seeds can germinate under saline conditions that are unsuitable for many other plants.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
“Limonium Sinuatum”. 2024.
16. Question 16
Yes
1
High
This species is a short lived perennial and can produce seed within its first few years. In warm climates such as CA, it can be cultivated as either an annual or perennial species.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
“North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox - Limonium Sinuatum”. 1729. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/limonium-sinuatum/.
17. Question 17
Yes
1
High
It typically blooms from late spring to early fall (approximately 4â5 months in Mediterranean or mild climates), with flowers mature and set seed through the growing season. Calflora reports this species to be flowering year-round, and is prized as an ornamental for its long flowering period.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Lopez, Josefa, and Alberto Gonzalez. 2008. “Ornamental Limonium Grown in Mediterranean Conditions”. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology 5: 496-503.
2025. “Limonium Sinuatum Observation Search - Calflora”. Calflora. https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=4842.
18. Question 18
No
0
High
While birds or mammals might occasionally move seeds (e.g., through fur/feathers), there is no significant evidence of frequent long-distance dispersal by animals. The species lacks fleshy fruits, sticky structures, or other adaptations to attract or rely on animal dispersers.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Preston, Robert E., and Elizabeth McClintock. 2012. “Limonium Sinuatum”. Jepson eFlora. https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31025.
19. Question 19
Yes
1
Medium
While there is not direct literature about the seed dispersal of L. sinuatum in water, it is well documented that other species of Limonium and other halophytes are dispersed through the tides in tidal marshes, and regularly use water as a seed dispersal mechanism. Wind dispersal of seeds has not been documented in L. sinuatum, however it has been noted in other Limonium species not present in California (Botanical Realm).
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
Preston, Robert E., and Elizabeth McClintock. 2012. “Limonium Sinuatum”. Jepson eFlora. https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31025.
Archbald, Gavin, and Katharyn E Boyer. 2014. “Potential for Spread of Algerian Sea Lavender (Limonium Ramosissimum Subsp. Provinciale) in Tidal Marshes”. Invasive Plant Science and Management 7: 454-63.
Boorman, LA. 1968. “Some Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Limonium Vulgare Mill., and Limonium Humile Mill”. Annals of Botany 32: 803-24.
Huiskes, AHL, BP Koutstaal, PMJ Herman, WG Beeftink, MM Markusse, and W De Munck. 1995. “Seed Dispersal of Halophytes in Tidal Salt Marshes”. Journal of Ecology, 559-67.
“(Limonium Protohermaeum)”. 2025. https://www.botanicalrealm.com/plant-identification/limonium-protoherma….
20. Question 20
No
0
Medium
Seeds are readily available for purchase as an ornamental plant, but there are no reports of it as a contaminant in other seed mixes. Since seeds are small, there is the potential for spread through hitchhiking on footwear or clothing, or movement of soil.
Whipker, Brian E, and Allen Hammer. 1994. “Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-Grown Limonium Sinuatum (L.)”. HortScience 29: 638-40.
on, Antonio Gabald\, Lorena Guti\ errez Garc\ \ ia, Trinidad Ruiz T\ ellez, and Jos\ e Blanco Salas. 2019. “Limonium Sinuatum (L.) Mill”. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, 139-41.
Preston, Robert E., and Elizabeth McClintock. 2012. “Limonium Sinuatum”. Jepson eFlora. https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31025.
Total PRE Score
12
20
78
